Soap Operas Essay Example For Students

Soap Operas Essay What forms of pleasure can be found in viewing the continuous serial on TV?The continuous serial is more commonly known as the soap opera, and is peculiar in that each episode cannot be watched and understood on its own; the viewer must watch the episodes before and after to understand what is happening. According to Brown the soap opera has 8 typical characteristics (see appendix 1). Television is becoming an increasingly important part of society. We have more televisions in our homes, and on those televisions there are more soap operas for the viewing public e.g. EastEnders, Coronation Street, Emmerdale, Neighbours, Home and Away, Brookside, London Bridge, and HollyOaks. Individuals undoubtedly get a lot of pleasure from them, and although the soap opera is viewed as entertainment, there should be a cautious approach to this view, because television is an influential part of our society. In this essay I will look at the pleasures and the consequences. Escapism is one form of pleasure. The soap provides an outlet for an individual to escape the responsibilities of their own life. As soon as the familiar theme music begins the viewer is transported to another world, although Mike Clark poses the question (page 19) ?What sort of escape is it that constantly refers to the very issues that may be troubling the viewer?. Another pleasure of soap operas ?is the continuity of the characters and settings (Clark, page 19). The familiar settings give a sense of a stability and order to the viewer. Most people know the Rovers Return in Coronation Street or the Old Vic in EastEnders. The individual feels at home with a soap and its characters, of which there can be up to 40; all are old friends to the regular viewer. For the most part they do not set out to shock. Because the characters are ordinary and believable, Mike Clark states that the actors must be the same in their lives outside television. He tells us that:?When Peter Adamson, who pla yed Len Fairclough, was charged with sexually molesting a child and subsequently ?killed off from the program, his crime was not that, precisely (he was acquitted), but rather one of deviating from the unexceptional norms of Coronation Street and of the viewers at home. Seeing someone who had been publicly associated with such an offence, and thinking ?I wonder what really happened, would be disruptive of the kind of low-key realism attempted by the program, therefore out he had to go.Im not sure that this argument would hold true today. His book was published in 1987 and since then I think the public has become more tolerant, and apart from that, Coronation Street has become more controversial in its storyline; these days generally any publicity is good for a soap. This leads to another pleasure derived from the soap opera. The private lives of the actors, reported in the press and on the television, provide an infinite source of pleasure for the viewing public. In the Evening Stan dard (Tuesday 3rd March 1998) there were three separate articles about three different actors from EastEnders: Barbara Windsor, Paul Bradley, and Patsy Palmer. However, such public interest can create a problem for the actors, in the form of admirers and stalkers and the public still perceiving them as their on screen character. Empathy with the characters can reduce the viewers own problems as they realise that other people also suffer; another good reason to watch a soap. Biancas abortion storyline, in EastEnders, may have helped people in similar situations think about the relevant issues before making their own decision. Regular soap opera viewers who have followed a particular soap for years, according to Clark ?acquire an expertise and a fund of archival knowledge, which enable them to experience the programs more fully, and more enjoyably. So, they understand the personalities, strengths and weaknesses of the characters in the soap, and will often know exactly how a particular character would act in a particular situation. For them, this makes soaps more pleasurable. The romantic interest in the soap holds many viewers. Who will fall in love? Who will have an affair? Who will get married? At the time of writing, in Coronation Street the viewing public are wondering what will become of Fiona and Steves relationship. Marriages in soaps bring record viewing figures. Ive already mentioned the controversial storylines in soaps; these are another pleasure. EastEnders in particular is overtly controversial which is why their ratings are so high. Such storylines allow the viewer to have fun arguing his/her side of the case, or accepting the side presented by the writer. Brookside has covered incest, euthanasia, drugs, surrogacy, and a body under the patio. According to Phil Redman (creator of Brookside) ?the more challenging the storyline the more the audience appreciate it?. These storylines are beneficial to society because they increase social awareness of issues such as aids (Mark Fowler in EastEnders), and alcoholism (Phil Mitchell in EastEnders). T hey can also help people who are exposed to, or tackling, these issues in their own lives, because they see how the characters in the soaps deal with the situations. The high quality of the acting is another of the pleasures derived from viewing soaps. Both EastEnders and Coronation Street are renowned for their good acting. In February 1998, Patsy Palmer who plays Bianca Butcher was nominated, along with Miranda Richardson and Sinead Cusack, for the best actress award by the Royal Television Society. These awards are not based on ratings, or viewers opinions, and this is the first time the society has proposed a soap star for the coveted trophy. She was nominated for her performance as a devastated young mother who discovered her unborn baby was suffering from spina bifida and brain damage. Interestingly, this storyline won EastEnders some of its highest ratings. Soaps can be enjoyed as a ?primary cultural activity (according to Fiske). The viewer sits down and watches without inte rruption. After a long hard day at work, there is nothing better than sitting with a cup of tea or coffee, switching off from the problems of the day, relaxing and watching a soap. But they can also be enjoyed as a ?secondary cultural activity whereby the viewer watches or listens whilst doing something else. This too makes soaps pleasurable because they can be incorporated in to daily life, but not dominate it or control it. Ironing, homework, paperwork, and cleaning can all be done whilst watching a soap, because they are not too demanding to watch. People derive pleasure from talking about soap operas. Its a double pleasure; having had the pleasure of watching them, they then enjoy talking about them with their friends and work mates, discussing the issues and what they think will happen next. Katz and Liebes state that in discussing soaps, people are discussing and evaluating the issues in their own lives. Certainly if we discuss Emmerdale or Home and Away with friends we have a sense of belonging or social identity. Storylines are not only discussed by the viewers, but also reported in the press. The newspapers obsession with soap operas was apparent in 1983 when Deirdre Barlow (wife of Ken) had an affair with Mike Baldwin. When this storyline broke, the press printed endless stories ?should Deirdre go to bed with Mike, or should she leave Ken to set up home with Mike? The Daily Star, Daily Mail, Sunday Mirror, Daily Express, Sun, even the Times, Daily Telegraph, and Guardian covered the storyline. Ann Kirkbride who plays Deirdre Barlow said ?I thought the story would spark off a few fan letters, but I never imagined anything like the press and public reaction we got. I never dreamed it would grip the nation like it did. It was scary.?The interweaving storylines are another reason why soaps are enjoyed by viewers. There are at least 10 different storylines in each episode, so that if one storyline does not interest a viewer, one of the others will. In an episode each scene is generally no longer than a minute and a half, thus keeping the interest of the audience. The assumption here is that the average viewer has a short attention span. Because there are so many storylines, new characters can be introduced to the soap alongside old ones; this all adds to the viewers enjoyment. The most popular TV programme of Christmas 1987 was the Christmas Day episode of Coronation Street, so they must be a pleasure to watch. According to the book BBC People and Programming, most families seem to organise their evening TV viewing around a few core programmes, which everyone enjoys, such as Coronation Street or EastEnders. These are called bonding programmes. ?At 7pm 80% of TV viewing is group viewing says Clarke. So another pleasure derived from watching soaps is that they can be enjoyed by people of all ages. Viewers know that there will be no embarrassing sex scenes, no foul language, and no nudity. So in the case of Coronation Street, grandpare nts and grandchildren can sit down and watch together and neither will be offended. However, this statement does not hold true for EastEnders, where the ?gay storyline, for example, could upset the older generation. Women are avid soap watchers and it is possible that their enjoyment is in watching scenarios that could occur in their own families, and so prepare them to deal with such situations. They are also enjoyable for women because soaps are about the only television programmes which show that older women, who are larger and not so beautiful, do have a romantic or sexual existence. This is not shown on the screen, just talked about. According to Fiske :?There is a real pleasure to be found in soap operas that assert the legitimacy of feminine meanings and identities within and against patriarchy. Pleasure results from the production of meanings from the world, and of self that are felt to serve the interests of the reader rather than those of the dominant.They also appeal to w omen because, there is a pleasure in seeing women take active and controlling role; an example being Barbara Windsor as Peggy Mitchell in EastEnders. Billy Budd By Herman Melville Analysis EssaySoaps are enjoyable because they echo what is going on in the world. Television and soap operas are not the originators of social change, but are merely part of that change. As aids became an illness affecting people in society, so soaps such as EastEnders included it in their storylines. However, despite all the pleasures of soaps that I have written about, things are not that straightforward. Because soaps are shown at peak family viewing times, care must be taken with the content of the storylines. Aggressive behaviour should be kept to a minimum because ?there is a positive relationship between the amount of exposure children have to television violence and the extent to which they act aggressively according to Atkinson. Although the pleasure of soaps is that they can be incorporated into the viewers daily lives, and according to Palmer ?viewers are rarely dominated or controlled by them?, I would argue that the opposite is true. Many viewers have to be home by a certain time for a particular soap, or cannot go out until their favourite soap has finished. Soaps are certainly addictive and, although they are pleasurable, they are also a problem because they are a habit that cannot easily be stopped. The cliff-hanger at the end of each episode keeps the audience int erested, yet addicted. With the increase in soap operas, individuals spend more time watching them and this affects their view of the world, even if it is subconsciously. Because they are frequently watched, it is possible that they distort our view of the world. Other activities such as reading and exercising are prevented by soap watching. Critics of soaps argue that watching them makes individuals more passive, so it cannot be a real pleasure because were not actively involved. With all of the above in mind, I would argue that soap opera watching is a definite pleasure. Viewers can be selective in their watching, and those that choose to watch soaps are aware that they are fiction. I will leave the last word to the late Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman:?Manchester produces what to me is ?The Pickwick Papers that is to say Coronation Street. Mondays and Wednesdays I live for them. Thank god half past seven tonight, and I shall be in paradise.?BibliographyATKINSON, Introduction to P sychology, Orlando: Harcourt Brace, 1996BROWN, M.E., ?The Politics of Soaps, Australian journal of cultural studies, 4, 1987, 1-25CLARKE, Mike, Teaching Popular Television, London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 1987FISKE, John, Television Culture, London: Methuen ; Co. Ltd, 1987KATZ, E. and LIEBES, T., On the Critical Ability of Television Viewers, 1987KAY, Graeme, Coronation Street Celebrating 30 Years, London: Boxtree Ltd, 1990THOMSON, Mark, BBC People and Programmes, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1995Appendix1. Serial form which resists narrative closure. 2. Multiple character and plots3. Use of time which parallels actual time, and implies that the action continues to take place whether we watch it or not. 4. Abrupt segmentation between parts. 5. Emphasis on dialogue, problem solving, and intimate conversation. 6. Male characters who are ?sensitive men. 7. Female characters who are often professional and powerful outside the home. 8. The home or some other place, which functions as a home, as a setting for the show.

Shaka Zulu an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Shaka Zulu Shaka Zulu was a prominent African leader who founded the great Zulu empire.Shaka Zulu was born around 1788 in a place called Melmoth. His parents belonged to the Mhlongo tribe which was ruled by Chieftain Dingiswayo Kamthethwa who was the most influential ruler in the area. Shaka Zulus parents were from the same clan and their marriage was against the Zulus laws. Shaka Zulus and his mother, Nandi were marginalized in the community, and this forced them to escape when Shaka Zulu was six years old and they sought refuge in the neighboring Langeni tribe. Langeni people also chased Shaka Zulu and his mother away, they went away and again sought refuge with the Mthethwa people who welcomed them. Shaka Zulu was a very active young warrior with exceptional fighting skills, this made chief Dingiswayo admire him very much, favored him even though he never belonged to the Mthethwa tribe this was the beginning for his future as a leader and a warrior.(Hamilton, Carolyn 1898) Need essay sample on "Shaka Zulu" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The death of Shaka Zulus father Senzangakhona marked the prosperity of his political career as a military warrior and a leader. After the death of his father, Chief Dingiswayo who admired Shaka Zulu very much gave him military support and this helped him defeat his brothers and he took the leadership of the Nguni people, who were the minority group at that time. Shaka Zulus political star started shinning in1816 when he succeeded the Zulu chief. Our Customers Very Often Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment online? Professional writers suggest: Rely On Our Help In Essay Writing Compared to other military leaders at that time, Shaka Zulu was a credited military leader. When he became the Zulu ruler he introduced various changes. First was the weapon change. He is credited with introducing the new short stabbing spear with along, sword-like spear head and a large, heavy shield make of cow hide. He was a military genius and he taught his warriors how to effectively use these weapons and take advantage of the enemy. He hardened his soldiers by forcing them to train and march very long distances on rocky terrains without shoes and trained them encirclement tactics, whose who tried to disobey his instructions were immediately killed. He formulated a very well organized logistics support by youth formations, he implemented this by recruiting young boys aged six years and above in the army as apprentice warriors. These young troops were used to carry supplies like food, cooking materials sleeping mats and extra weapons for the main army, while under training to joi n the main army. Shaka Zulu organized his clan and forces into age-grade regimental systems. (Guttmann, J 2008) Each age-grade was mandated with a particular activity like cattle herding, performing rituals and ceremonies, guarding the camp. There were also special military groups, each group with its own distinctive name and responsibility. Shaka Zulu is credited with his high-tech fighting tactic called the buffalo horn formation for his troops, this was the most effective and modern Zulu fighting tactic at that time. This tactic split the troops into four groups during battle, and these groups could form the shape of a bulls head. The first group forming the chest clashes head on, and while the enemy is still confused by this tactic, the second and the third group surrounds the enemy and the fourth group will be a reserve group. All young men and women from the enemy tribe were not killed, they were brought to the Zulu land to be trained as soldiers and the woman become Zulu mens wives. This is how Shaka Zulu built the great Zulu nation. (Hamilton, Carolyn 1998) Shaka Zulu continued with his mission of conquering small neighboring tribes among them the Langeni tribe whish had rejected him and his mother. He conquered many other tribes successfully and expanded his territory. His name inspired fear to all his opponents. He dominated many powerful clans like the powerful ndwande clan making them part of shaka people. His mother, Nandi died in 1827. The following year after his mothers death was the year when his rule came to a drastic end. He concentrated all his troops on attacking enemies in the south, immediately they retuned he directed them to a huge war on the far north leaving behind very few soldiers to guard home, this was the last war for his exhausted troops during his rein. His half brothers Dingane and Mhlangane who never recognized his leadership as rightful since he gained power instructed an assassin who stubbed Shaka Zulu and he died bravely on September 1828 cursing his brothers that even if he dies they will not rule the gre at Zulu nation. In the 1800s Africa condition was basically scramble for power, raiding and conquering by various tribal rulers to protect their territory and expand it. During this time, Africa had not organized itself into nations, It was divided into small kingdoms and tribes ruled by tribal chiefs .Africans tribal rulers during this time were on civil war, a powerful tribe could raid less resistant tribe and make it part it hence expanding its territory as well taking slaving advantage and conditioning white traders who were visiting Africa that time looking for trading commodities like the Portuguese to give tribute to this particular tribes. This was in addition the time when white settlers and colonies started exploring Africa. (Guttmann, J 2008) Shaka Zulus and the American Indian leaders career where similar in that; just like Shaka Zulu, most American Indians were war veterans and tribal leaders who were busy training their forces to protect their territories and expand it by conquering their neighbouring less powerful clans. shaka Zulu and the American Indians were both military pioneers involved in the 1800 civil war which was going on during the scramble for Africa. They were both military leaders and chieftains preparing to resist white invasion into their territory. For instance chieftain Cheyenne was an American Indian who resisted the white man settlement of the Kansas and Colorado territories during the 1860s. (Hamilton, Carolyn 1998) Shaka Zulu was the most influential leader of the Zulu kingdom, he is widely acknowledged by historians in Africa and the whole world as a greatest leader who united most South Africans tribes in to the Zulu kingdom. His statesmanship and vigor crowned him as one of the greatest Zulu chieftains. He made Africa proud and recognized by his bravely Africa was put into world maps. He created the great Zulu nation which is now what is known as South Africa. Today his life and death is remembered by the Zulu tribe and South Africa as a whole by yearly celebration of the Shaka Zulus day. There are popular films and praise songs and widely used poetic forms in Africa which sparks interests among not only the South African community but the whole world about this unshakeable South Africa leader as well as Zulus rich culture. (Hamilton, Carolyn 1998) Shaka Zulu was an exceptional Zulus leader and military veteran. Through his military genius he transformed Africa, and specifically South Africa. When he took power as the Zulu leader he conquered and captured many tribes incorporating them into the Zulu nation. He is the founding father of the rich Zulu culture which even today inspires many people. As historians learning about Shaka Zulu is very important, it makes us understand what was happening in Africa and other parts of the world in the 1800s.It also equips us with 1800s Africa history, for instance during the time of Shaka Zulu Africans were governed by clan rulers. There was also civil war among these Africans tribes because some strong tribes were conquering small tribes and absolving them into their large clans hence expanding their territory .Learning about Shaka Zulu also gives us knowledge on when white settlers started exploring Africa and conquering it which was the beginning of civilization in Africa. Work Cited Pages Hamilton, Carolyn (1998) the power of Shaka Zulu and the limits of historical Invention, Harvard University Press. Guttmann, J. (2008) Military History, volume24 issue4. http://www.eshowe.com/article/articlestatic/29/i/20

How to Make Sure That You Write a Good Essay

How to Make Sure That You Write a Good EssayNowadays, people have a choice between having many essay samples for their writing assignments or having to learn how to write essays by reading their plan of action essay samples. I will only tell you that this is not a good option for most writers. Why?A lot of people, especially teachers and professors, prefer plan of action essay samples because they are fast and less prone to errors. Unfortunately, students do not like the fact that they spend so much time writing a plan of action essay sample, but they are just as guilty when they get an assignment that requires them to write a plan of action essay sample that is too long and has too many changes that could get confusing and confuses the students.Another thing is that students are more likely to get confused in their writing assignment if there are so many different plans for writing, so many choices of topics and topic areas, and a lot of diversity of content in each of the topics. T hese all points will lead to some students getting lost in the maze and having problems with their essay. The problem is compounded if they have chosen to write a plan of action essay sample that has been distributed in different subjects. All of this will lead to confusion, a lot of difficulty, and a number of errors in your writing.To make sure that you write a good and effective essay, make sure that you choose one subject and stick to it. This will ensure that you will not stray from the topic and also to help you find your way out of the maze if you ever get lost.It is quite possible that you may already have an idea of the best topic for your good essay, but you are still going to make the decision of whether to read a plan of action essay sample or not. The only way to be sure that you will never make a mistake while writing a good essay is to go out and try it for yourself. Make sure that you put in all the time necessary to master the task.Making sure that you have a good e ssay is as important as making sure that you can write a good essay. It is true that a good essay always make its reader feel better and more relaxed, but it is also true that a good essay may make you feel very uncomfortable. If you need to make sure that you are ready for anything, then you should make sure that you can manage a good essay and make it work for you.A good essay should make the reader happy. It should not make them feel frustrated or bored. It should not make them think that it was a waste of time. There are some people who need to write good essays, but they often times get frustrated and confused when they encounter some kind of problems in their essays.That is why I recommend that you should choose a subject, a topic, and a plan that you know very well and make sure that you stick to it. If you want to make sure that you will have a good essay, then you should make sure that you make your own plan and stick to it.

Sir Lancelot Du Lake Essays - Holy Grail, Knights Of The Round Table

Sir Lancelot Du Lake Essays - Holy Grail, Knights Of The Round Table Sir Lancelot Du Lake Sir Lancelot du Lake Sir Lancelot du Lake was quite possibly the bravest and most gallant knight in the world. His battles were pretty much lopsided, due to his extreme skill. He was King Arthur's best knight. He was very adventurous and prone to getting into trouble, which he always came out of without a scratch. Why was Lancelot honored so? In the last four paragraphs, I will try to explain this to my best ability. Why did I say he was Arthur's best knight? Sir Lancelot was sworn to protect Guenevere, King Arthur's wife. At no time at all was he ever over come, except by either treason or enchantment. His belief in himself was strong enough that he wouldn't let anyone but the king push him around. Those that tried to do the pushing usually wound up with their blood on Lancelot's sword. Another reason he was the best knight at the Table Round, was because he upheld the ideals of chivalry and the heroic tradition. He believed in being noble, and just. As I said, Lancelot was very adventurous, and never turned down an endeavor. While out one day, he took a nap, and woke to find his friend gone, and four queens looking upon him. This is one of the few times Lancelot did something against his will, and he did it only by enchantment. He was set free by King Bagdemagus' daughter, on a deal that he would help the King win the upcoming tournament. He helped win the tournament by killing alot of knights, or simply defeating them in battle. By doing this, he earned his freedom. There are many reason's why Lancelot was honored the way he was. Lancelot fought for King Arthur, til his banishment for his acts with the Queen. He remained loyal to Arthur, and came back, when Arthur was on his deathbed. He delievered Excaliber back to the lake from which it came, and conveyed a message of forgiveness and love to Guenevere, from Arthur. Lancelot was defeated in battle only by Arthur, and only once, for they only fought once. His name was known to everyone, as the best knight in all the land. Lancelot had proven himself worthy of his title of the bravest and most noble knight around, many times, and probably did, long after the stories had ended, if they are true. Lancelot has always been my favorite knight, since whatever year we did King Arthur in grade school. The topics I have gone over are as truthful as I can make them, and I hope they get me a good grade. As I hope the points I have expended upon further support my topic, I know that everyone knows Lancelot, wether they heard it from a cartoon, an English book, or a movie, and that everyone knows what a great and fearless knight he was.

Long Run or Short Run

Long Run or Short Run I read a Facebook post this week where people were bragging about the largest daily word count theyd ever written. Some were slinging numbers like 10,000, 13,000, even 16,500. Most admitted that wasnt a sustainable number to maintain, yet they interpreted numbers like that as the means to writing a book in two weeks or less. And many of them are then publishing those books. In this day and time, with the crazy array of self-publishing tools available to writers, we can sense a pressure to publish a book a month. Yes, Im not exaggerating. Out of curiosity, Ive read them. I can see the rush in the sentences, read the overzealousness in the syntax, miss the depth of plot. No, you cannot write deep and publish in a month. But there is a market for some of this type of work. Some readers like light reading. Some authors are making five figures from slinging out a large number of books. And therein lies the crossroad. Downstream, when you are more gifted, wiser, and more astute, are you wanting those books forever on Amazon? Are you wanting to publish your quick writing for the public? Or do you prefer to write fast and hold onto it in an effort to write it deeper? Or consider those pieces practice to learn from for your next, more intense work? We are under such acute influence to write now, write fast, and write a lot. Funny, but as I was writing this, I noticed Seth Godins latest blog post. He echoed what I said, only better. https://seths.blog/ First, fast and correct All three would be great. First†¦ you invent, design, develop and bring to life things that haven’t been done before. Fast†¦ you get the work done quickly and efficiently. Correct†¦ and it’s right the first time, without preventable errors. Being first takes guts. Being fast takes training. And being correct takes care. All three at once is rare. Two would be great. And just one (any one) is required if you want to be a professional. Alas, too often, in our confusion about priorities and our fear of shipping, we end up doing none and settling for average instead. Amen, Mr. Godin. Amen indeed.

Introduction to Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Introduction to Philosophy - Essay Example The next part in Plato’s model is ‘belief’. At that part, reality or ‘truth’ is made based on one’s superstition, views of reality, and actual objects. Belief is an emotional state that becomes a part of an individual because of the powerful influences of culture, religion, or any widely believed aspect of the period. Beliefs that are based on religion are impossible to challenge because knowledge is strongly tied by the influences of religion. A person’s belief in heaven and hell and the presence of saints are some examples of knowledge at this part. The third stage is ‘scientific knowledge’. This stage is shown by mathematical formula, research, and empirical data. Some examples are medicine, law of inertia, gravity, and so on. The top part of knowledge is ‘reasoning’, defined as the rational combination of all forms of knowledge. The vertical line from the lowest stage to the highest one shows that there is a certain extent of knowledge gain at every stage, but as the line moves from the bottom kinds of truth to the top, there is a related movement from the lowest level of reality to the highest. The line is broken up into two very different parts. The higher and bigger part is a symbol for the intelligible area and the lower, smaller part is a symbol for the visible part. This unbalanced separation represents the lower level of truth as located in the visible part in comparison to the higher reality in the intelligible domain. As shown in the earlier diagram, the lowest kind of knowledge is ‘eikasia’ (imagination). Imagination is the shallowest kind of brain work where the mind deals with impression or the least level of truth. Obviously, imagining may refer to the act outside plain appearances of objects to their inner truth. However, Plato defines imagining as the senses view of appearances i n which such appearances are understood as the truth. On the other hand,

The Dulhasti Power Plant Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Dulhasti Power Plant - Case Study Example In addition, the selected region was very poor in terms of infrastructure development. More precisely, the region did not have an adequately developed logistic network including roads and rail lines. As a result, almost all construction supplies such as raw materials and labor had to be brought to air transportation. Another issue is that the construction site was far away from larger cities and urban areas. Therefore, the construction firms had to spend more on food and accommodation for its workers. In addition, the non-proximity to larger cities significantly increased the transportation costs of the French consortium. Since the company had to wait for a relatively long period to obtain the supply of raw materials, this situation led to delay in the completion of the project. Evidently, time delay involved in the project completion would end up in cost escalations. Probably, the adverse climatic conditions in this mountainous terrain might have also contributed to the project cost escalation. Management professionals point out that even highly experienced construction firms cannot accurately perform cost estimation when working under harsh geographical condition due to unforeseen contingencies. There are some regions that are extremely prone to natural contingencies like earthquakes, floods, drone, and wildfire. While working in such bad geographical regions, construction firms are most likely to experience cost overruns. Such threats not only impede the project development but also cause damages to construction firm’s resources including tools, pieces of equipment, and labors. Sometimes, issues like a landslide or icy roads may disrupt transportation, and hence the construction firms may be compelled to stop their work temporarily. Undoubtedly, such incidents would cause construction firms to incur unanticipated fund needs. In order to manage contingency costs, construction firms are forced to increase the level of contingency funding.